{ localUrl: '../page/relative_likelihood.html', arbitalUrl: 'https://arbital.com/p/relative_likelihood', rawJsonUrl: '../raw/1rq.json', likeableId: '708', likeableType: 'page', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '3', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '3', individualLikes: [ 'SzymonWilczyski', 'BuiLinh', 'CharlieBevis' ], pageId: 'relative_likelihood', edit: '19', editSummary: 'formatting', prevEdit: '18', currentEdit: '19', wasPublished: 'true', type: 'wiki', title: 'Relative likelihood', clickbait: 'How relatively likely an observation is, given two or more hypotheses, determines the strength and direction of evidence.', textLength: '3195', alias: 'relative_likelihood', externalUrl: '', sortChildrenBy: 'likes', hasVote: 'false', voteType: '', votesAnonymous: 'false', editCreatorId: 'EricBruylant', editCreatedAt: '2016-08-04 14:00:09', pageCreatorId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', pageCreatedAt: '2016-01-27 06:47:22', seeDomainId: '0', editDomainId: 'AlexeiAndreev', submitToDomainId: '0', isAutosave: 'false', isSnapshot: 'false', isLiveEdit: 'true', isMinorEdit: 'false', indirectTeacher: 'false', todoCount: '1', isEditorComment: 'false', isApprovedComment: 'true', isResolved: 'false', snapshotText: '', anchorContext: '', anchorText: '', anchorOffset: '0', mergedInto: '', isDeleted: 'false', viewCount: '692', text: 'Relative likelihoods express how *relatively* more likely an observation is, comparing one hypothesis to another. For example, suppose we're investigating the murder of Mr. Boddy, and we find that he was killed by poison. The suspects are Miss Scarlett and Colonel Mustard. Now, suppose that the [-1rf probability] that Miss Scarlett would use poison, if she _were_ the murderer, is 20%. And suppose that the probability that Colonel Mustard would use poison, if he were the murderer, is 10%. Then, Miss Scarlett is *twice as likely* to use poison as a murder weapon as Colonel Mustard. Thus, the "Mr. Boddy was poisoned" evidence supports the "Scarlett" hypothesis twice as much as the "Mustard" hypothesis, for relative likelihoods of $(2 : 1).$\n\nThese likelihoods are called "relative" because it wouldn't matter if the respective probabilities were 4% and 2%, or 40% and 20% — what matters is the _relative proportion_.\n\nRelative likelihoods may be given between many different hypotheses at once. Given the evidence $e_p$ = "Mr. Boddy was poisoned", it might be the case that Miss Scarlett, Colonel Mustard, and Mrs. White have the respective probabilities 20%, 10%, and 1% of using poison any time they commit a murder. In this case, we have three hypotheses — $H_S$ = "Scarlett did it", $H_M$ = "Mustard did it", and $H_W$ = "White did it". The relative likelihoods between them may be written $(20 : 10 : 1).$\n\nIn general, given a list of hypotheses $H_1, H_2, \\ldots, H_n,$ the relative likelihoods on the evidence $e$ can be written as a [ scale-invariant list] of the likelihoods $\\mathbb P(e \\mid H_i)$ for each $i$ from 1 to $n.$ In other words, the relative likelihoods are\n\n$$ \\alpha \\mathbb P(e \\mid H_1) : \\alpha \\mathbb P(e \\mid H_2) : \\ldots : \\alpha \\mathbb P(e \\mid H_n) $$\n\nwhere the choice of $\\alpha > 0$ does not change the value denoted by the list (i.e., the list is [scale_invariant_list scale-invariant]). For example, the relative likelihood list $(20 : 10 : 1)$ above denotes the same thing as the relative likelihood list $(4 : 2 : 0.20)$ denotes the same thing as the relative likelihood list $(60 : 30 : 3).$ This is why we call them "relative likelihoods" — all that matters is the ratio between each term, not the absolute values.\n\nAny two terms in a list of relative likelihoods can be used to generate a [-56t] between two hypotheses. For example, above, the likelihood ratio $H_S$ to $H_M$ is 2/1, and the likelihood ratio of $H_S$ to $H_W$ is 20/1. This means that the evidence $e_p$ supports the "Scarlett" hypothesis 2x more than it supports the "Mustard" hypothesis, and 20x more than it supports the "White" hypothesis.\n\nRelative likelihoods summarize the [22x strength of the evidence] represented by the observation that Mr. Boddy was poisoned — under [1lz Bayes' rule], the evidence points to Miss Scarlett to the same degree whether the absolute probabilities are 20% vs. 10%, or 4% vs. 2%.\n\nBy Bayes' rule, the way to update your beliefs in the face of evidence is to take your [1rm prior] [-1rb] and simply multiply them by the corresponding relative likelihood list, to obtain your [1rp posterior] odds. See also [1x5].', metaText: '', isTextLoaded: 'true', isSubscribedToDiscussion: 'false', isSubscribedToUser: 'false', isSubscribedAsMaintainer: 'false', discussionSubscriberCount: '3', maintainerCount: '3', userSubscriberCount: '0', lastVisit: '2016-02-12 23:18:07', hasDraft: 'false', votes: [], voteSummary: [ '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0' ], muVoteSummary: '0', voteScaling: '0', currentUserVote: '-2', voteCount: '0', lockedVoteType: '', maxEditEver: '0', redLinkCount: '0', lockedBy: '', lockedUntil: '', nextPageId: '', prevPageId: '', usedAsMastery: 'false', proposalEditNum: '20', permissions: { edit: { has: 'false', reason: 'You don't have domain permission to edit this page' }, proposeEdit: { has: 'true', reason: '' }, delete: { has: 'false', reason: 'You don't have domain permission to delete this page' }, comment: { has: 'false', reason: 'You can't comment in this domain because you are not a member' }, proposeComment: { has: 'true', reason: '' } }, summaries: { Summary: 'Relative likelihoods express how *relatively* more likely an observation is, comparing one hypothesis to another. For example, suppose we're investigating the murder of Mr. Boddy, and we find that he was killed by poison. The suspects are Miss Scarlett and Colonel Mustard. Now, suppose that the [-1rf probability] that Miss Scarlett would use poison, if she _were_ the murderer, is 20%. And suppose that the probability that Colonel Mustard would use poison, if he were the murderer, is 10%. Then, Miss Scarlett is *twice as likely* to use poison as a murder weapon as Colonel Mustard. Thus, the "Mr. Boddy was poisoned" evidence supports the "Scarlett" hypothesis twice as much as the "Mustard" hypothesis, for relative likelihoods of $(2 : 1).$' }, creatorIds: [ 'EliezerYudkowsky', 'NateSoares', 'EricRogstad', 'EricBruylant', 'AlPrihodko' ], childIds: [], parentIds: [ 'bayesian_likelihood' ], commentIds: [], questionIds: [], tagIds: [ 'start_meta_tag' ], relatedIds: [], markIds: [], explanations: [ { id: '5832', parentId: 'relative_likelihood', childId: 'relative_likelihood', type: 'subject', creatorId: 'AlexeiAndreev', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:06:51', level: '2', isStrong: 'true', everPublished: 'true' } ], learnMore: [], requirements: [ { id: '5833', parentId: 'math2', childId: 'relative_likelihood', type: 'requirement', creatorId: 'AlexeiAndreev', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:07:15', level: '2', isStrong: 'true', everPublished: 'true' }, { id: '5834', parentId: 'conditional_probability', childId: 'relative_likelihood', type: 'requirement', creatorId: 'AlexeiAndreev', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:08:34', level: '2', isStrong: 'true', everPublished: 'true' }, { id: '5835', parentId: 'odds', childId: 'relative_likelihood', type: 'requirement', creatorId: 'AlexeiAndreev', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:08:48', level: '2', isStrong: 'true', everPublished: 'true' } ], subjects: [ { id: '5832', parentId: 'relative_likelihood', childId: 'relative_likelihood', type: 'subject', creatorId: 'AlexeiAndreev', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:06:51', level: '2', isStrong: 'true', everPublished: 'true' }, { id: '5844', parentId: 'bayesian_likelihood', childId: 'relative_likelihood', type: 'subject', creatorId: 'AlexeiAndreev', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:12:58', level: '2', isStrong: 'false', everPublished: 'true' } ], lenses: [], lensParentId: '', pathPages: [], learnMoreTaughtMap: {}, learnMoreCoveredMap: { '56v': [ '56s' ] }, learnMoreRequiredMap: {}, editHistory: {}, domainSubmissions: {}, answers: [], answerCount: '0', commentCount: '0', newCommentCount: '0', linkedMarkCount: '0', changeLogs: [ { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '22620', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlPrihodko', edit: '20', type: 'newEditProposal', createdAt: '2017-06-08 05:52:06', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '22621', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlPrihodko', edit: '20', type: 'newEditProposal', createdAt: '2017-06-08 05:52:06', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18334', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EricBruylant', edit: '19', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-08-04 14:00:09', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: 'formatting' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18131', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlexeiAndreev', edit: '0', type: 'deleteParent', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:14:24', auxPageId: 'bayes_reasoning', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18127', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlexeiAndreev', edit: '0', type: 'newSubject', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:12:59', auxPageId: 'bayesian_likelihood', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18113', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlexeiAndreev', edit: '0', type: 'newRequirement', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:08:48', auxPageId: 'odds', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18112', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlexeiAndreev', edit: '0', type: 'newRequirement', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:08:35', auxPageId: 'conditional_probability', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18111', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlexeiAndreev', edit: '0', type: 'newRequirement', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:07:16', auxPageId: 'math2', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18109', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlexeiAndreev', edit: '0', type: 'newTeacher', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:06:52', auxPageId: 'relative_likelihood', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18110', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlexeiAndreev', edit: '0', type: 'newSubject', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:06:52', auxPageId: 'relative_likelihood', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '18107', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'AlexeiAndreev', edit: '0', type: 'deleteChild', createdAt: '2016-08-02 17:06:44', auxPageId: 'likelihood_ratio', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '16136', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EricRogstad', edit: '18', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-07-08 06:51:42', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: 'grammar; removed dupe sentence' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '16126', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '17', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-07-08 01:03:45', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '16052', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EricRogstad', edit: '16', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-07-07 20:32:24', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: 'relatively likelihoods -> relative likelihoods' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '16051', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EricRogstad', edit: '15', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-07-07 20:30:39', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: 'reworded the intro paragraph; would be interested in someone double-checking that I'm not getting the terminology wrong (I find likelihood terminology counterintuitive, compared to probabilities)' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '16050', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EricRogstad', edit: '14', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-07-07 19:52:00', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: 'Miss Scarlet -> Miss Scarlett' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15977', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '12', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-07-07 14:54:41', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15952', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '0', type: 'deleteChild', createdAt: '2016-07-07 06:09:58', auxPageId: 'likelihood_notation', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15939', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '0', type: 'newChild', createdAt: '2016-07-07 05:51:29', auxPageId: 'likelihood_ratio', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15937', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '0', type: 'newParent', createdAt: '2016-07-07 05:40:39', auxPageId: 'bayesian_likelihood', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15931', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '11', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-07-07 05:36:05', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15930', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '0', type: 'newAlias', createdAt: '2016-07-07 05:36:04', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: 'likelihood_ratio', newSettingsValue: 'relative_likelihood' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15929', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '0', type: 'deleteRequirement', createdAt: '2016-07-07 05:35:49', auxPageId: 'conditional_probability', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15927', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '0', type: 'newTag', createdAt: '2016-07-07 05:35:45', auxPageId: 'start_meta_tag', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '15259', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '0', type: 'newChild', createdAt: '2016-07-04 17:15:06', auxPageId: 'likelihood_notation', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '14051', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '10', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-06-20 01:59:06', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '14050', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'NateSoares', edit: '9', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-06-20 01:57:51', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5856', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '8', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-01-27 06:59:52', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5854', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '7', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-01-27 06:53:59', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5853', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '6', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-01-27 06:52:34', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5852', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '5', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-01-27 06:51:14', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5847', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '4', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-01-27 06:48:28', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5846', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '3', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-01-27 06:48:13', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5845', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '2', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-01-27 06:47:39', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5844', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '1', type: 'newEdit', createdAt: '2016-01-27 06:47:23', auxPageId: '', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5839', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '0', type: 'newRequirement', createdAt: '2016-01-27 05:47:21', auxPageId: 'conditional_probability', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' }, { likeableId: '0', likeableType: 'changeLog', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '0', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '0', individualLikes: [], id: '5837', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', userId: 'EliezerYudkowsky', edit: '0', type: 'newParent', createdAt: '2016-01-27 05:46:03', auxPageId: 'bayes_reasoning', oldSettingsValue: '', newSettingsValue: '' } ], feedSubmissions: [], searchStrings: {}, hasChildren: 'false', hasParents: 'true', redAliases: {}, improvementTagIds: [], nonMetaTagIds: [], todos: [], slowDownMap: 'null', speedUpMap: 'null', arcPageIds: 'null', contentRequests: { lessTechnical: { likeableId: '4018', likeableType: 'contentRequest', myLikeValue: '0', likeCount: '1', dislikeCount: '0', likeScore: '1', individualLikes: [], id: '177', pageId: 'relative_likelihood', requestType: 'lessTechnical', createdAt: '2017-03-24 16:38:55' } } }